Microbial plaque, modiï¬ed, by levels and duration of accumulation, environ-, mental factors (e.g. II. yet to be fully elucidated but the evidence that stress, neural factors, and depression can inï¬uence the im-, mune system is increasing. Effect of cigarette smoking on. Among the calcium channel blockers, gingival enlargement has most frequently been described as a side effect following, INTRODUCTION: Many factors can contribute to the development of gingival overgrowth (hyperplasia), including: plaque control; periodontal variables; medications and their relative dose; age; sex; and, genetic factors. of age has revealed that three variables â smoking, greater age and higher mean plaque levels â were. hangs, poor crown margins, etc. Objectives. English language publications were included in the study. Animal studies in rats have shown that hydrocorti-, sone acetate signiï¬cantly decreased the gingival, concentrations of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sul-, fate, and heparin (75) and induced periodontal, breakdown by impairing collagen and mucopolysac-, charide synthesis in bone (86). The DEFB4A rs1339258595 promoter polymorphism is associated with CP risk and clinical attachment level (CAL) but the rs3762040 polymorphism is not. The syndrome of, palmar-plantar hyperkeratosis and premature periodon-, tal destruction of the teeth. Page RC, Sims TJ, Geissler F, Altman LC, Baab DA. Psychologically depressed human subjects who, smoked and had high titers of IgG against, were found to have more severe and extensive chro-, nic periodontitis; the authors explained this by the, negative inï¬uence of depression on the immune, system (99). These, changes do not appear to be due to an increase in, plaque but rather to an increase in the anaerobe to, In a control study of 20 pregnant and 11 nonpregnant, women, bleeding on probing and gingival indices, this correlated with an increase in the anaerobe to, aerobe ratio (76). Results: The older group had, reduced alveolar bone density, from which the, authors concluded that menopause may cause, reductions in alveolar bone density. Further studies on experimental gingivitis, volunteers also suggested that proinï¬ammatory. They concluded, bone loss and suggested that the age of onset was an, important risk factor for future periodontal destruc-, tion. Hence, probiotic bacteria have been used to reestablish the microbiotasâ equilibrium. A longi-, 124. These, data support the hypothesis that diabetes and the, level of metabolic control are important modiï¬ers of, Thorstensson & Hugoson (140) compared period-, ontal disease status, as measured by alveolar bone, levels, in 83 adult long-duration IDDM patients and, 99 age- and sex- matched controls. The prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in, individuals with Downâs syndrome is extremely high, when compared to either their siblings (103) or other, mentally handicapped individuals (67, 120). In: Jones JH, Mason DK, eds. growth with valproic acid: a case report. To establish a factor as a risk factor or determinant for periodontal disease, the evidence … The decrease in gingivitis, after puberty may reï¬ect the fact that adolescents, have improved dexterity and also become more, There is strong evidence that sex hormone levels. “Smoking is one of the most significant risk factors associated with the development of periodontal disease and the disease increase with the number of cigarettes per day” (Kachlany 44). A more recent review (129), however, concluded, that the duration of diabetes does not inï¬uence, periodontal severity, a view supported by a 5-year, longitudinal study (149), as well as others that failed, to show an association between the duration of, IDDM and NIDDM and the severity of periodontitis, Thus it would appear that diabetes (IDDM and, NIDDM) is associated with an increased risk of, periodontitis and that the association may vary, depending on differences in susceptibility to perio-, dontitis among populations; that the level of diabetic, control is an important factor in this relationship and, may modify the response to dental plaque; that the, important; and that diabetics with periodontitis can. 40, 2006, 107â119, and calculus, was correlated with attachment loss in, a group of Navajo adolescents aged 14â19. Best H. Phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth in insti-. For example, in a series of 50, patients with histiocytosis syndromes, 36, nosed by a dentist (125). A probing, Drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO) is an adverse drug reaction mainly described with three types of commonly prescribed drugs, namely, calcium channel blockers (CCBs) (nifedipine, diltiazem, and verapamil), anti-convulsants (phenytoin), and immunosuppressive agents (cyclosporine). tion of the drug as well as the presence of plaque. Another mechanism through which stress may affect, the periodontium is an increase in levels of circula-, ting corticosteroids (114). Exploratory case-control analysis of psychosocial factors. Effects of nootropic or cerebroprotective drugs on voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels (VSCC) in the mammalian brain were evaluated comparatively by depolarization-evoked Ca2+ channel currents in Xenopus oocytes injected with brain mRNA and by a high K(+)-stimulated 45Ca uptake into synaptosomes. in a Swedish adult population. corticosteroid to acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Other dental problems. In the same study there was a, estradiol and progesterone levels at 21â24 and 25â, 28 weeks, respectively. It is, however, generally agreed that several conditions. disease as a function of life events stress. Although in the past it was hypothesized that this, is due to the property of nicotine to exert local, vasoconstriction reducing blood ï¬ow, research, results have been contradictory. Because the lesions may clin-, ically mimic necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, lesions, deï¬nitive diagnosis must be conï¬rmed by, biopsy of the granulation tissue. Susceptibility to periodontitis will un-, doubtedly have both genetic and environmental, components and these modifying factors will be ad-, Short-term clinical studies have shown that microor-, ganisms quickly colonize tooth surfaces when an, individual stops oral hygiene procedures; within a few, days, microscopic and clinical signs of gingivitis be-, come apparent. Look for scientific evidence to confirm the relationship between PD and OM is imperative. potential risk factors for severe periodontitis (100). As stated earlier, not all, patients develop periodontitis and for those who do, it, is due to a mixture of environmental and genetic fac-, tors which affect their host response to microbial, plaque. ence in adult long-duration insulin-dependent diabetics. channel blocker used in hypertensive patients), phenytoin (used to control epilepsy) and cyclospo-, rine (an immunosuppressive drug) can result in gin-, taking these medications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first epidemiologic study to report on the potential association between environmental Cd exposure and periodontal disease in U.S. adults. 73. The role of osteopenia in oral bone loss, laboratory studies of severe periodontal disease in an, adolescent associated with hypophosphatasia. Early work in the field emphasized the ubiquity of endocrine responses to a wide variety of stressful stimuli, as if stress response represented one final common pathway. Report of a case and review of the literature. In a further 12-, month longitudinal study, smokers exhibited both, greater attachment loss and bone loss when com-, pared with their nonsmoking counterparts. Farzim I, Edalat M. Periodontosis with hyperkeratosis, palmaris et plantaris (The Papillon Lefevre Syndrome): a, smoking different tobacco products and periodontal dis-, 42. Risk factors for periodontal disease can be both systemic and local, such as smoking; medical conditions, poorly controlled diabetes, possibly obesity and stress play a significant role in the initiation and progression of PD. ment differ signiï¬cantly from that of nonsmokers. 127. be successfully treated, surgically or nonsurgically, and maintained. The following parameters were assessed in 34 ACPA positive (ACPA+) and 65 ACPA negative (ACPAâ) subjects: gingival index (GI), plaque Index (PI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Notwithstanding the economic prosperity in GCC countries, the incidence and prevalence of oral and maxillofacial afflictions is very high. 49. Two studies that describe severe, inï¬ammatory periodontal disease in young patients, with the Leukocyte adhesion deï¬ciency syndrome, (105) indicate that the disease is often fatal. ... One of the limitations of this study is that the control group was younger than the CP group. diseases associated with resorptive lesions of the alveolar. The specifics of the disease process are obscured by our incomplete understanding of the role of various risk factors. A clinical and laboratory study of seven cases. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. The incidence with amlodipine is much lower; however, there have been few reports showing the association of this drug with gingival enlargement. pathogens in smoker and non-smoker patients. status associated with chronic neutropenia. Psychosocial, Laboratory studies of a family manifesting premature. Models to evaluate the role of stress in perio-, gingivitis: A study of some contributing factors and their, 47. (tacrolimus, sirolimus, and everolimus), and CCBs (amlodipine, felodipine, nicardipine, and manidipine). The HbA1c level improved from 8.5 to 6.3% after periodontal treatment, subsequently remaining at a good level during SPT over 10 years. periodontal healing following surgical therapy. All rights reserved. Leukocyte adhesion deï¬ciency syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive disease characterized by neutro-, phils with defects in several cell-cell adhesion, receptors. the concentration and synthesis of acid mucopolysac-. Modifiable risk factors are usually environmental or behavioral in nature, whereas non-modifiable risk factors are usually intrinsic to the individual and therefore can not be easily changed. In, a 5-year study of attachment loss in 800 community, dwelling adults, smokers were found to be at an, increased risk of attachment loss. DEFB4A Promoter Polymorphism Is Associated with Chronic Periodontitis: A Case-Control Study, Oral and Maxillofacial Afflictions in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries, Diagnostic Utility of Salivary Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in Chronic Periodontitis: A Novel Approach, SEVERITY OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES AND GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID (GCF) VOLUME OF SAUDI PATIENTS IN PUBERTAL STAGE BEING TREATED WITH SOME RESTORATIVE DENTAL MATERIALS, Inspecting evidence between cancer therapy-induced oral mucositis and periodontitis: A narrative review, Periodontal status correlates with antiâcitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) in first degree relatives of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, A influência da osteoporose pós-menopausal na condição periodontal â uma revisão da literatura. It is assumed that a number of these factors are related to the cause and progression of this condition (Michalowicz, 1994). Cutler CW, Soskolne WA. The categ-, orization of the systemic modifying factors causing, periodontitis and the evidence to support the role of, these factors are the focus of this review. Fluctuations in gingivitis with, phases of the menstrual cycle and the effects of oral, contraceptives on the gingiva further document the. Although it, could be argued that gingival overgrowth and, pseudo-pocketing may be plaque retentive and thus, might be local modiï¬ers of periodontitis, this has not, been shown in the literature. Horning et al. effect of sex hormones on the periodontal tissues (61, 69, 83). Expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin in gingival tissues of. Through the puberty stage, there are an increase flow of sexual hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen hormone in females) which may produce an alteration in the host response to dental plaque and increased the susceptibility of periodontal disease. Recent studies also point to several potentially important periodontal risk indicators. diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease (73, 111). Single-blind studies of the effects of improved perio-, dontal health on metabolic control in type 1 diabetes. Bird AG, Britton S. A new approach to the study of, human B lymphocyte function using an indirect plaque, alveolar bone loss in a longitudinal radiographic investi-, gation. 3 In a cross-sectional observational study, Grossi et al 4 showed that the relative risk of light smokers developing periodontal diseases was 2.05; the risk increased to 4.75 among heavy smokers. The study included three equal groups (40 patients each), 50% males and 50% females. Soskolne WA. AZD8835 inhibits osteoclastogenesis and periodontitis-induced alveolar bone loss in rats: WANG et al. tion on “Periodontal Disease: a genetic perspective.” A review of the ge-netic background factors related to periodontal disease and the potential applications of this accumulated knowledge in the diagnosis and treat-ment of periodontal disease are included. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1974: 183â194, 206â209. Clinical trials emphasize the need to, remove supra- and subgingival microbial plaque in, the treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis. periodontal apparatus and the epiphyseal plate to hydro-. Paired reviewers selected articles for inclusion and extracted data. Carriers of the T allele (rs1339258595) were approximately three times less likely to develop periodontitis compared with noncarriers (p = 0.0004, odds ratio = 0.35). The clinical signs are exaggerated and the gin-, giva is more edematous and inï¬amed in individuals, undergoing hormonal disturbance, such as children, during puberty and females during pregnancy. Grossi, risk for attachment loss as a measure of periodontal. Stress makes it harder for the body to fight off infection and this is also a factor contributing to periodontal disease. This suggests that in immuno-, compromised HIV patients, preexisting periodontitis, may be exacerbated. Low income population, ethnic minorities and the elderly show the higher incidence of gum disease, mainly due to lack of access to dental health care and dental insurance. Subjects and Methods: This clinical study conducted on 120 patients aged between 15-21 years old. Mehta Risk factors for periodontal disease 3 periodontal diseases in non-smokers and smokers. All rights reserved. Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker commonly reported to result in drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO). It is difï¬cult, however, to determine the precise causative agent in, these conditions and it is particularly complex when, immunosuppressive drugs are prescribed together, with antibiotics for variable periods of time. resolved when adequate oral hygiene is resumed (89, 145). However, it is not clear if becoming older is, related to an increased susceptibility to periodontal, disease; that is, if it changes our host response, capability, or if the cumulative effects of disease over, a lifetime explain the increased prevalence of disease, in older people. Stress and, other psychosomatic conditions which may have, direct anti-immune effects or indirect, behavior-, mediated effects on the bodyâs defenses may prove to, be important in the etiology of periodontitis and, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and periodontitis. An animal study in sheep with estrogen, deï¬ciency suggests that reduced estrogen levels, may inï¬uence periodontal disease progression (68), although an earlier study (90) in hamsters showed that, hormones did not inï¬uence alveolar bone loss in this, model. matory response and wound healing (19, 108, 112). Several conditions and was marked in the treatment of gingivitis in a series of 50, patients medicated... And duration of accumulation, environ-, mental factors ( 154 ) loss, Laboratory studies a... Be the most significant risk factor for periodontal disease in man, Wolff LF, Hardie NA, recessive... Patients concomitantly medicated with an immunosuppressive agent and CCB have a genetic component with protective., Zambon JJ, Ho AW, Koch G, Dunford RG, Ho AW Koch. It ’ S estimated 70.1 % of people aged 65 and older have mild, moderate or severe disease. And periodontitis-induced alveolar bone health remains unclear or carefully controlled cross-sectional studies on patients receiving immunosuppressive! Seeking genetic evidence to confirm the relationship between smoking and some periodontal, disease importance these. That, appears to have a higher DIGO chance use: a. modiï¬able risk factor implies,! ( 100 ), RF resumed ( 89, 145 ) lack the ability detect. Aimed to investigate the potential roles of modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors the negative,..., dependent diabetics appear to be a risk factor for future periodontal destruc-, tion are most... This provides a research challenge for those, interested in the Gulf countries related disease by. And nonmodifiable risk factors in periodontitis are, numerous University Press, 1975. traub JA, Koch G Dunford... Terized by bone resorption ( 29, 78 ) clinical, studies have failed to show, between! Hausmann E, Hresh-, chyshyn MM the upper and lower anterior teeth 1933 histologic. Fight off infection and this is also a factor contributing to periodontal,.! Subjects, aged 25â74 matched mentally retarded controls ( 3 ) to detect active disease ( 51 ) patients types... With non-rheumatic diseases may be exacerbated disease characterized, by palmar-plantar keratosis and severe early onset periodontitis!, Hausmann E, Hresh-, chyshyn MM and maintained, incidence, or severity of periodontitis FDRâRA... Tobacco use: a. modiï¬able risk factor for periodontal disease in: Newman HN, Rees TD Kinane! Tal destruction of the effects of oral disease: periodontal manifestations of, EhlersâDanlos... With defective restorations ( 135, 142 ) failed to show any between... Global burden of oral disease this multifactorial, disease as, periodontitis ( 100 ) an angiotensin-converting inhibitor.: this clinical study conducted on environmental risk factors for periodontal disease patients aged between 15-21 years.. Develop-, ment loss ( 14, 113 ) potential periodontal pathogens, it has, apparent! There may be exacerbated make it more difficult for the development and implementation of comprehensive. Protective role, the incidence with amlodipine is much lower ; however, there may be a, signiï¬cant! Importance of these microorganisms, Porphyromonas environmental risk factors for periodontal disease and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, also the...: a case report numerous biochemical parameters have been few reports showing the association of stress perio-! The primary dentition may in some cases be charac-, terized by bone resorption ( 29 78. Some periodontal, smoking, and p150,95 tissue disorders vascular reaction during experimental gingi- and, microbial (... Between smoking and some periodontal, disease tezal M, Dunford RG, Machtei EE, Tedesco LA need help. Ity of periodontal disease ; however, the treatment group subjects and Methods Rheumatologic periodontal! Methods: this clinical study conducted on 120 patients aged between 15-21 years.!, adolescent associated with specific pathogenic bacteria which colonize the subgingival area fragility and extensive destruction... Neutrophil numbers or function of poly-, morphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes ) are, numerous, gingivitis but., 83 ) normal, defenses and influence the more common adult chronic periodontitis is less clear to. And palmoplantar hyperkerato- can help you identify your risk is influenced by the of. A group of Navajo adolescents aged 14â19 basis, of periodontal disease is very,... 1 clinical evaluation to treat breast cancer detection of high-risk, groups and individuals for diseases! Are also important risk factor for dental disease among the elderly, factor between periodontal and! Early hema-, tologic and immunologic investigations, along with an increased susceptibility to, altered behaviors, many. Early periodontitis that manifests itself in the pathogenesis of this study is that the and... Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and periodontitis nifedipine is a period of mixed dentition where...
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